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Blockchain applied to the construction supply chain: A case study with threat model

Gjorgji SHEMOV, Borja GARCIA de SOTO, Hoda ALKHZAIMI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 564-577 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0129-x

摘要： The construction industry has long faced the challenge of introducing collaborative systems among multiple stakeholders. This challenge creates a high level of rigidity in terms of processing shared information related to different processes, robust holistic regulations, payment actualizations, and resource utilization across different nodes. The need for a digital platform to cross-connect all stakeholders is necessary. A blockchain-based platform is a prime candidate to improve the industry in general and the construction supply chain (CSC) in particular. In this paper, a literature review is presented to establish the main challenges that CSC faces in terms of its effects on productivity and efficiency. In addition, the effect of applying blockchain platforms on a case study is presented and analyzed from performance and security level. The analysis aims to emphasize that blockchain, as presented in this paper, is a viable solution to the challenges in the CSC regardless of the risks associated with the security and robustness of the flow of information and data protection. Moreover, a threat analysis of applying a blockchain model on the CSC industry is introduced. This model indicates potential attacks and possible countermeasures to prevent the attacks. Future work is needed to expand, quantify, and optimize the threat model and conduct simulations considering proposed countermeasures for the different blockchain attacks outlined in this study.

关键词： blockchain taxonomy construction supply chain literature review threat model analysis security level analysis

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基于云或区块链的物联网：比较调查和前进道路 Review

Raheel Ahmed MEMON, Jian Ping LI, Junaid AHMED, Muhammad Irshad NAZEER, Muhammad ISMAIL, Khursheed ALI

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第21卷第4期页码 563-586 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800343

摘要：物联网已发展十多年，技术进步使其应用更加广泛，但随着连接设备增多，引发的担忧及带来的风险也在显著增加。2013年，一种新的基于加密技术的基础设施——区块链——应运而生，通过去中心化，基于区块链的物联网有可能取代现有基于云的物联网。本文对当前物联网基础设施面临的挑战进行分类，并对采用区块链作为基础设施后物联网可能遇到的问题作文献调查，比较了两种体系结构的优缺点。简要介绍了正在进行的有关区块链的关键研究，这些研究将对克服区块链在物联网应用中遇到的挑战产生显著影响。最后，考虑到这两种体系各自面临的挑战和问题以及最新研究进展，提出一种高水平的混合方案，该方案综合利用云、边缘/雾计算和区块链，以避免这两种体系的局限性。

关键词：物联网；云；区块链；数据中心；分类

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Antibiotic resistome mostly relates to bacterial taxonomy along a suburban transmission chain

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1466-7

摘要：

• The α-diversities of resistome were lower in manure and compost than in soils.

关键词： Antibiotic resistance genes Resistome Bacterial taxonomy Transmission chain

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Toward resilient cloud warehousing via a blockchain-enabled auction approach

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 20-38 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0224-2

摘要： Cloud warehousing service (CWS) has emerged as a promising third-party logistics service paradigm driven by the widespread use of e-commerce. The current CWS billing method is typically based on a fixed rate in a coarse-grained manner. This method cannot reflect the true service value under the fluctuating e-commerce logistics demand and is not conducive to CWS resilience management. Accordingly, a floating mechanism can be considered to introduce more flexible billing. A CWS provider lacks sufficient credibility to implement floating mechanisms because it has vested interests in terms of fictitious demand. To address this concern, this report proposes a blockchain-enabled floating billing management system as an overall solution for CWS providers to enhance the security, credibility, and transparency of CWS. A one-sided Vickrey–Clarke–Groves (O-VCG) auction mechanism model is designed as the underlying floating billing mechanism to reflect the real-time market value of fine-grained CWS resources. A blockchain-based floating billing prototype system is built as an experimental environment. Our results show that the O-VCG mechanism can effectively reflect the real-time market value of CWSs and increase the revenue of CWS providers. When the supply of CWS providers remains unchanged, allocation efficiency increases when demand increases. By analyzing the performance of the O-VCG auction and comparing it with that of the fixed-rate billing model, the proposed mechanism has more advantages. Moreover, our work provides novel managerial insights for CWS market stakeholders in terms of practical applications.

关键词： resilient cloud warehousing blockchain technology floating billing management system auction mechanism third-party logistics

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Special issue: Blockchain technology application

Hongfeng CHAI, Xiaohong CHEN, Hongwei WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 467-470 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0141-1

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Comments on the development of blockchain technology from the perspective of patent analysis

Wenhong LI, Chunxiao FU, Deli CHENG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 615-617 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0101-9

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Hyperledger fabric-based consortium blockchain for construction quality information management

Botao ZHONG, Haitao WU, Lieyun DING, Hanbin LUO, Ying LUO, Xing PAN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 512-527 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0128-y

摘要： Lack of trust has been an ongoing issue for decades in construction quality management, hindering the improvement of quality performance. The development of mutual trust depends on immutable, traceable, and transparent construction quality information records. However, current information technologies cannot meet the requirements. To address the challenge, this study explores a blockchain-based framework for construction quality information management, which extends applications of blockchain in the domain of construction quality management. A consortium blockchain system is designed to support construction quality management in which participants’ information permissions and lifecycle are discussed. Additionally, this study presents in detail the consensus process that aims to address the problem of information fraud. The automated compliance checking based on smart contracts is presented as well, aiming to assure that construction products meet regulation requirements. Finally, an example of the consortium blockchain network is visualized to validate the feasibility of blockchain-based construction quality information management. The research shows that blockchain can facilitate mutual trust in construction quality management by providing distributed, encrypted, and secure information records and supporting automated compliance checking of construction quality.

关键词： blockchain construction quality smart contracts compliance checking information management

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Finance infrastructure through blockchain-based tokenization

Yifeng TIAN, Zheng LU, Peter ADRIAENS, R. Edward MINCHIN, Alastair CAITHNESS, Junghoon WOO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 485-499 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0140-2

摘要： The infrastructure finance gap has long-standing implications for economic and social development. Owing to low efficiency, high transaction costs, and long transaction time, conventional infrastructure financing instruments are considered to be major contributors to the increasing mismatch between the need for infrastructure development and available financing. Implemented through smart contracts, blockchain tokenization has shown characteristics that are poised to change the capital stack of infrastructure investment. This study analyzed the first SEC-compliant energy asset security token, ZiyenCoin, from the perspective of the key participants, relevant regulations, and token offering procedures. Results show that tokenization can improve infrastructure assets liquidity, transaction efficiency, and transparency across intermediaries. Conventional infrastructure financing instruments were compared with blockchain tokenization by reviewing the literature on infrastructure finance. The benefits and barriers of tokenizing infrastructure assets were thoroughly discussed to devise ways of improving infrastructure financing. The study also found that the potential of tokenization has not yet been fully realized because of the limited technical infrastructures, regulation uncertainties, volatilities in the token market, and absence of the public sector. This study contributes to the present understanding of how blockchain technology can be implemented in infrastructure finance and the role of tokenization in the structure of public–private partnership and project finance.

关键词： infrastructure asset blockchain tokenization security token offering smart contract public–private partnership project finance

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Blockchain-driven supply chain finance solution for small and medium enterprises

Jian LI, Shichao ZHU, Wen ZHANG, Lean YU

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 500-511 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0124-2

摘要： Blockchain has attracted much attention in recent years with the development of cryptocurrency and digital assets. As the underlying technology of cryptocurrency, blockchain has numerous benefits, such as de-centralization, collective maintenance, tamper-resistance, traceability, and anonymity. The potential of the blockchain technology (BT) is widely recognized in the financial field. Although some scholars have proposed the combination of blockchain and supply chain finance (SCF), the details of this combination is rarely mentioned. This study first analyzes the coupling between SCF and blockchain technology. Second, the conceptual framework of blockchain-driven SCF platform (BcSCFP) is presented. Third, the operation process of three SCF models on the BcSCFP is proposed. Finally, a case study combined with actual events is conducted. This paper has a positive practical significance in the operation and management of banks and loan enterprises.

关键词： blockchain technology supply chain finance risk management smart contract decentralization

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The outlook of blockchain technology for construction engineering management

Jun WANG, Peng WU, Xiangyu WANG, Wenchi SHOU

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第1期页码 67-75 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017006

摘要： Current construction engineering management suffers numerous challenges in terms of the trust, information sharing, and process automation. Blockchain which is a decentralised transaction and data management technology, has attracted increasing interests from both academic and industrial aspects since 2008. However, most of the existing research and practices are focused on the blockchain itself (i.e. technical challenges and limitations) or its applications in the finance service sector (i.e. Bitcoin). This paper aims to investigate the potential of applying blockchain technology in the construction sector. Three types of blockchain-enabled applications are proposed to improve the current processes of contract management, supply chain management, and equipment leasing, respectively. Challenges of blockchain implementation are also discussed in this paper.

关键词： Blockchain contract management supply chain management equipment leasing

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Internet of Things (IoT)–blockchain-enabled pharmaceutical supply chain resilience in the post-pandemic

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 82-95 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0233-1

摘要： During the COVID-19 pandemic, the current operating environment of pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) has rapidly changed and faced increasing risks of disruption. The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain not only help enhance the efficiency of PSC operations in the information technology domain but also address complex related issues and improve the visibility, flexibility, and transparency of these operations. Although IoT and blockchain have been widely examined in the areas of supply chain and logistics management, further work on PSC is expected by the public to enhance its resilience. To respond to this call, this paper combines a literature review with semi-structured interviews to investigate the characteristics of PSC, the key aspects affecting PSC, and the challenges faced by PSC in the post-pandemic era. An IoT–blockchain-integrated hospital-side oriented PSC management model is also developed. This paper highlights how IoT and blockchain technology can enhance supply chain resilience and provides a reference on how PSC members can cope with the associated risks.

关键词： pharmaceutical supply chain Internet of Things blockchain resilience post-pandemic era

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Zero E-waste: Regulatory impediments and blockchain imperatives

Mengjun Chen, Oladele A. Ogunseitan

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1402-x

摘要： Abstract • Copyrights on electronic products are impediments in promoting circular economy. • Manufacturers antagonize refurbishment and remanufacturing to maximize profit. • International harmonization of copyright laws will aid repair and remanufacture. • Blockchain–digital immutable ledgers–can promote trust among stakeholders. The concept of zero waste is an ideal situation that will require different solutions for different categories of waste. Electronic waste (E-waste), the fastest growing category of solid hazardous waste presents various unique challenges. Electronic product repair, reuse and remanufacture (3re) are crucial for effective source reduction of E-waste and the integration of the electronics industry into a circular or zero-waste economy framework. Increasingly, 3re implementation is restricted by regulatory difficulties, particularly the invocation of copyright laws. Here, we use the examples of electronic printer cartridges and restored compact discs (CDs) to identify the challenges and to explore solutions for managing the risks associated with E-waste through circular economy and the opportunities presented by innovative Blockchain solutions. A set of international consensuses on judicial definitions, such as 3re, refurbish fake/counterfeit product and copyright exhaustion, are proposed to accelerate source reduction in E-waste management toward the goal of zero waste.

关键词： Blockchain E-waste Regulatory Policy Copyright Laws Repair-Reuse-Remanufacture Toxicity

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Blockchain application in healthcare service mode based on Health Data Bank

Jianxia GONG, Lindu ZHAO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第4期页码 605-614 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0138-9

摘要： Blockchain is commonly considered a potential disruptive technology. Moreover, the healthcare industry has experienced rapid growth in the adoption of health information technology, such as electronic health records and electronic medical records. To guarantee data privacy and data security as well as to harness the value of health data, the concept of Health Data Bank (HDB) is proposed. In this study, HDB is defined as an integrated health data service institution, which bears no “ownership” of health data and operates health data under the principal–agent model. This study first comprehensively reviews the main characters of blockchain and identifies the blockchain-based healthcare industry projects and startups in the areas of health insurance, pharmacy, and medical treatment. Then, we analyze the fundamental principles of HDB and point out four challenges faced by HDB’s sustainable development: (1) privacy protection and interoperability of health data; (2) data rights; (3) health data supervision; (4) and willingness to share health data. We also analyze the important benefits of blockchain adoption in HDB. Furthermore, three application scenarios including distributed storage of health data, smart-contract-based healthcare service mode, and consensus-algorithm-based incentive policy are proposed to shed light on HDB-based healthcare service mode. In the end, this study offers insights into potential research directions and challenges.

关键词： Health Data Bank blockchain data assets smart contract incentive mechanism

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Blockchain in energy systems: values, opportunities, and limitations

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 9-18 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0818-8

摘要： The structure of a power energy system is becoming more distributed than before. It becomes challenging to manage such a system in a centralized way, because a central authority may not exist or may not be trusted by all parties. Blockchain is a promising tool to address this challenge, by enabling trusted collaboration in the absence of a trusted central authority. Its use in the energy sector has been pioneered by several pilot projects. However, to date the energy sector has not seen large-scale deployment of blockchain, partly because the founders of those pilot projects, the public, and utilities have not reached consensus on the values and limitations of blockchain in energy. This perspective aims to bridge this gap. First, the philosophy and unique values of blockchain are discussed. Second, some promising blockchain-based applications in energy systems are presented. Third, some common misunderstandings of blockchain in energy are discussed. Last, some frequently-asked questions from utilities are discussed. Hopefully this perspective can help advance large-scale deployment of blockchain in energy systems.

关键词： blockchain immutability energy trading energy management data synchronization

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TIE算法：一种用于处理演化数据的聚类分层分类法生成技术上层算法 None

Rabia IRFAN, Sharifullah KHAN, Kashif RAJPOOT, Ali Mustafa QAMAR

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第19卷第6期页码 763-782 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700517

摘要：分类法可实现对大量数据的有效组织和访问。分类法是表示数据概念的一种方法，其需要通过不断演进来反映数据变化。现有分类法自动生成技术无法处理数据演化，因此，所生成的分类法不能真实反映数据。为反映数据演变，可从头对分类法进行再生，或根据数据变化随时对分类法进行增量演进。其中，前者的时间和资源成本较高。提出一种新颖的分类增量进化（TIE）算法，用于处理随时间演变的数据。TIE是一种现有聚类分层分类法生成技术的上层算法，它允许现有分类法增量地演进。在计算机领域的研究论文中对该算法进行了评估。结果表明，与从头再生分类法相比，随数据演化的分类法生成算法耗时非常短，且在单位时间下性能更佳。

关键词：分类法；聚类算法；信息科学；知识管理；机器学习

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标题作者时间类型操作

Blockchain applied to the construction supply chain: A case study with threat model

Gjorgji SHEMOV, Borja GARCIA de SOTO, Hoda ALKHZAIMI

期刊论文

基于云或区块链的物联网：比较调查和前进道路

Raheel Ahmed MEMON, Jian Ping LI, Junaid AHMED, Muhammad Irshad NAZEER, Muhammad ISMAIL, Khursheed ALI

期刊论文

Antibiotic resistome mostly relates to bacterial taxonomy along a suburban transmission chain

期刊论文

Toward resilient cloud warehousing via a blockchain-enabled auction approach